Biocaster : Jurnal Kajian Biologi

Pengaruh Model Project Based Learning (PjBL) terhadap Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Sel

Nur Istikhomah — 2026-01-01

The low critical thinking skills and student learning outcomes in science learning are still the main problems in schools. This study aims to determine the influence of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model on the learning outcomes and critical thinking skills of grade VIII students on animal cell and plant cell materials at SMP Muhammadiyah 6 Samarinda. This study uses a quantitative method with a quasy experimental nonequivalent control group design. The sample totaled 50 students consisting of 25 students in the experimental class and 25 students in the control class. The research instrument is in the form of an essay test consisting of 10 questions. The results showed that the average post-test learning outcomes of the experimental class were higher (82.6) than the control class (59.2). In critical thinking skills, the experimental class obtained an average of 81.8 with the very good category, while the control class obtained 50.5 with the fair category. The results of the t-test showed a significant difference between the two classes (sig. < 0.05). Thus, the application of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) learning model can be recommended to improve critical thinking skills in science learning in junior high school.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Tanaman Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum) dan Daun Salam (Syzygium polyanthum) sebagai Pestisida Alami untuk Mengendalikan Serangga Hama pada Tanaman Kangkung Darat (Ipomoea reptans Poir)

Noer Ashikin — 2026-01-01

The decline in land spinach (Ipomoea reptans Poir.) production is partly due to pest attacks, such as armyworms, aphids, and whiteflies. This study aims to determine the effect of a combination of basil (Ocimum basilicum) and bay leaf (Syzygium polyanthum) leaf extract as a botanical pesticide on pest attack intensity and to determine the most effective concentration. This study used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with five treatments (0%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%) and five replications. The analysis results showed that the combination of the two leaf extracts significantly reduced pest attack intensity. The 60% concentration resulted in the lowest attack intensity, at 18% (mild category), making it the most effective treatment. Thus, the combination of basil and bay leaf extracts has the potential to be an environmentally friendly botanical pesticide for pest control in land spinach.

Karakteristik Morfologi Daun Tumbuhan Obat Tradisional Masyarakat Desa Darek sebagai Referensi dalam Praktikum Morfologi Tumbuhan

Wina Wafia Anggraini — 2026-01-01

Medicinal plants have long been utilized by the traditional community in Darek Village to treat various illnesses. One of the plant parts most commonly used for medicinal purposes is the leaf. Leaves exhibit diverse characteristics in terms of shape and size across different species. Leaf morphology includes features such as shape, color, size, venation pattern, leaf margin, leaf apex, leaf base, surface texture, and others. This study aims to identify the plant species whose leaves are used in traditional medicine by the Darek community and to describe the morphological characteristics of these medicinal leaves. This research employed a eksplorative descriptive approach using semi-structured interviews to document local knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plant leaves in Darek Village. Respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique, involving community leaders and individuals recognized for their traditional knowledge of medicinal plants. The collected data were analyzed through data reduction, classification, and conclusion drawing to identify the plant species used medicinally and their leaf morphological traits. The findings indicate that the community utilizes 15 types of leaves from 13 plant families as traditional medicinal resources. In general, these medicinal plants display diverse leaf morphological characteristics, particularly in surface texture, venation type, and the shapes of the leaf margin, apex, and base. This morphological variation reflects the diversity of species employed and serves as a basis for the community to recognize and differentiate medicinal leaves. These findings highlight the richness of local knowledge, which holds potential for further development in ethnobotanical studies and the conservation of biological resources.

Validitas E-Modul Pembelajaran Berbasis Problem Based Learning Terintegrasi Curipod untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik pada Materi Sistem Ekskresi

Ilham Mahajani — 2026-01-01

This study aims to develop and test the validity of Curipod's integrated Problem Based Learning (PBL) based learning e-Module on excretory system material as biology teaching material at SMA Negeri 1 Suwawa. This research is a type of research and development or Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model which includes Analysis, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate. However, this research only reached the stage of development and limited scale trials. The data collection instruments used consisted of validation sheets of media experts and material experts. The results of the study show that the Curipod integrated PBL-based learning e-Module is in the very valid category, with a percentage of media expert validity of 95% and validity of material expert of 97%. Thus, these findings show that the developed E-Module is suitable for use as teaching materials to support biology learning in excretory system materials.

Inventarisasi Keanekaragaman Flora sebagai Upaya Konservasi di Kawasan PLTA Way Besai, Lampung Barat

Khoryfatul Munawaroh — 2026-01-01

The Way Besai Hydroelectric Power Plant (PLTA) is located in West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, with a capacity of 90.4 MW and utilizes water from the Way Besai River. The availability of stable water discharge is highly dependent on the vegetation conditions in the catchment area. This study aims to examine the diversity of flora and vegetation sustainability in the Way Besai hydropower plant area using an exploration method divided into six observation lines. The results showed that there were 57 types of plants belonging to 21 families. The most common species are sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia) with 140 individuals and seripit (Crypteronia paniculata) with 113 individuals. The families with the highest number of species are obtained from the families Moraceae and Fabaceae. The types of the Moraceae family are dominated by Ficus spp., which acts as a source of animal feed, while from the Fabaceae family, there are more types of multipurpose plants (MPTS). The diversity of species and evenness of flora around the Way Besai hydropower plant is relatively high, as shown by the diversity index value (H') of 3.281 and the evenness index value (E) of 0.812. Although this value is relatively high, the maintenance and conservation of flora still needs to be carried out intensively to maintain the stability of the water discharge of the Way Besai River. These results confirm that the vegetation around the Way Besai hydropower plant is still relatively sustainable, but sustainable conservation efforts are needed to control land conversion that has the potential to reduce the water discharge of the Way Besai River.

Analisis Kesesuaian Konsep dan Representasi Visual pada Mata Pelajaran Biologi Pokok Bahasan Sistem Imun pada Anime Cells at Work

Suci Rahmawati — 2026-01-02

This study aims to determine the suitability of the concept of the immune system and the visual representation presented in the anime Cells at Work and the potential of the anime Cells at Work as an alternative learning medium. The data in this study are sentences that show the concept of the immune system and illustrations that show the visual representation contained in the anime Cells at Work. The data collection used is the observation method, the documentation method, and the literature study method. The data analysis technique used by the researcher is a qualitative descriptive technique. The results of the data analysis show that most of the concepts of the immune system are very much in line with current biological knowledge, season 1 of the anime shows a higher level of compatibility than season 2. Based on this, it is concluded that the Cells at Work anime can be used as an alternative learning medium, but it must still be accompanied by a teacher before and after the anime video is aired.

Pengaruh Vegetasi Mangrove terhadap Keberadaan Bekantan (Nasalis larvatus) di Desa Cemara Labat

Muhamad Tito — 2026-01-02

Cemara Labat Village is a coastal area located in Kapuas Regency, Central Kalimantan which directly faces the Java Sea and borders Pelampai Village, Batola Regency, South Kalimantan. The village receives enough sediment from the Kapuas River to support the development of mangrove forests. For generations, the people of Cemara Labat Village have managed coastal resources, namely mangrove forests based on traditional traditions known as local wisdom. Mangrove forest vegetation experiences significant dynamics that are very important for the survival of various fauna in it, such as mammals (langurs and proboscis monkeys), fish, shrimp, insects, and even various types of birds. The purpose of this study is to describe the existence of proboscis monkeys based on the population of dominant mangrove species. The research was carried out for six months, from January - June 2025. Data were collected using observation and survey methods. For mangrove observation, it is carried out by making three Observation Sample Plots (PCP) measuring 20 x 500 m, while for proboscis monkey observation by making six observation stations that are made intentionally. Proboscis monkey observation starts at 06.00-18.00 WIB. The results showed INP ≥ 10% of the 6 species found, such as the White Flame (Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh.) 199.99% are included in the medium category (101-200%), Black Flame (Avicennia alba Blume.) is 42.36%, Jeruju (Acanthus ilicifolius L.) is 17.07%, Piai (Acrostichum aureum L.) is 13.39%, Blind (Excoecaria agallocha L.) is 6.70%, and Plepotan (Derris trifoliate) is 5.90% in the low category (0-100%). Eight proboscis monkeys (Nasalis larvatus) were found in the area of the observed object. Although Avicennia spp. dominates the vegetation, the population of proboscis monkeys is relatively small, suggesting that Avicennia spp. mangroves are not the main feed crops for proboscis monkeys and only serve as a migration area.

Pemanfaatan CRISPR-Cas9 pada Antibodi Monoklonal untuk Terapi HIV

Ryan Putra Adhytama S — 2026-01-02

HIV infection remains a global health challenge with high rates of new infections and low levels of viral suppression, especially in middle-income countries. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, but has not been able to eliminate latent reservoirs so lifelong therapy remains necessary. In the last decade, monoclonal antibodies, particularly broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), as well as CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology have emerged as innovative therapeutic approaches with long-term remission potential. bNAbs is able to neutralize a broad spectrum of HIV strains and activate immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis, but cost limitations, viral resistance, and duration of effects limit its use as a substitute for ART. In parallel, CRISPR-Cas9 has demonstrated the ability to target HIV proviruses in the host cell genome and enable the engineering of immune cells to stably produce therapeutic antibodies. Pre-clinical studies show that B-cell engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 can maintain immune memory, perform isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation, thus creating "programmed immunity". The combination approach of bNAbs and CRISPR-Cas9 is considered promising because it is able to neutralize circulating viruses while removing latent proviruses, increasing the potential for functional cure. However, biological risks such as off-target effects, Cas9 immunogenicity, limitations of the delivery system, and the emergence of escape mutants remain challenges. This review shows that the integration of monoclonal antibodies with CRISPR-Cas9 opens up a new paradigm of HIV therapy, with the potential to improve efficacy, duration of protection, and decrease reliance on ART. Further research, including advanced phase clinical trials, is needed to ensure its safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of application in human populations.

Identifikasi dan Karakteristik Morfologi Jamur Makroskopis di Garis Wallace dan Weber Kawasan Hutan Jalur Pendakian Moya Mabuku Kota Ternate Menggunakan Koordinat GPS

Mutimanda Dwisatyadini — 2026-01-02

Differences in organic matter content and soil pH can cause different fungal spore growth. Soil type is one of the factors that directly affect the presence of fungi. This research was conducted on the Wallace and Weber lines in Ternate, North Maluku. The research location was chosen because it has endemic fungal species, biodiversity that has not been widely discovered, and unique geographical conditions. Data collection was carried out through direct surveys using exploration methods, sampling with purposive random sampling, and direct collection of fungi based on shape, color, stem length, diameter, and type of substrate where they grow (soil, wood, leaves, and others), along with observations of fungal morphology. Qualitative analysis includes determining the order, family, genus, and scientific name presented in the form of tables and images, as well as descriptions of the characteristics of each species based on the identification results. The diversity index was also calculated. Environmental parameters measured included air temperature, soil moisture, light intensity, and soil pH. The results of the study showed that there were 20 species of fungi in the Moya Mabuku Hiking Trail Forest Area, Central Ternate District, Ternate City, North Maluku, Indonesia, with GPS coordinates of 0.8° North Latitude and 127.3630910° East Longitude. These fungi belong to the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota divisions, with the families Helotiaceae, Strophariaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Auriculariaceae, Omphalotaceae, Tremellaceae, Hypoxylaceae, Phyllotopsidaceae, Polyporaceae, Gardonemataceae, Tricholomataceae, Sarcoscyphaceae, Agaricaceae, Mycenaceae, Psathyrellaceae, and Cortinariaceae. The results of environmental parameter measurements on wood, soil, and coconut shell substrates showed that soil pH ranged from 3.85-6.10; air humidity 77.5-91.5% RH; substrate humidity 36.5-99.9%; Light intensity ranges from 93.5 to 7496 cd; air temperature ranges from 27.7 to 33.9°C; and substrate temperature ranges from 27.4 to 33.9°C. These pH conditions, ranging from 3.85 to 6.15, are considered optimal for supporting the growth of macroscopic fungi.

Pemetaan Habits of Mind Mahasiswa : Landasan untuk Pengembangan Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis Inkuiri

Masiah Masiah — 2026-01-02

Habits of Mind (HoM) is an important thinking disposition that supports successful learning in higher education, especially in inquiry-based learning. This study aims to map the profile of students' habits of mind as a basis for developing inquiry-based learning strategies. The study used a quantitative descriptive approach involving 60 students in semesters I, III, V, and VII. Data were collected through an online questionnaire containing 16 indicators of habits of mind based on the Costa and Kallick framework, then analyzed using percentage scores based on semester and indicator. The results showed that students' habits of mind achievement was in the good category, with the highest scores in semesters I (81%) and VII (80%), while semesters III and V were in the sufficient category (74%). Indicators with the highest scores included listening with understanding and empathy (90%), striving for accuracy (85%), and persisting (84%), while the lowest scores were found in thinking flexibly (62%), thinking interdependently (69%), and finding humor (71%). These findings indicate that students possess strengths in perseverance, thoroughness, and empathy, but still need to strengthen their thinking flexibility and collaboration. Therefore, structured and collaborative inquiry-based learning is recommended to develop students' habits of mind in a more balanced manner.

Teknologi Pengeditan Gen pada Anemia Sel Sabit (Sickle Cell Disease) : CRISPR-Cas9, Base Editing, dan Prime Editing

Nurul Fadhilah — 2026-01-03

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) is a monogenic disease due to a point mutation in the HBB gene that causes chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusive crisis, while conventional therapy is generally palliative. In the past decade, CRISPR-based gene editing has developed rapidly and given birth to three main platforms, namely CRISPR-Cas9, base editing, and prime editing which opens up opportunities for more curative therapies through fetal hemoglobin (HbF) reactivation or correction of genetic targets. This literature review aims to compare working principles, cutting-edge achievements, advantages, and limitations, as well as the ethical implications and potential integration of biology learning from the three technologies. The method used is a descriptive-comparative literature review of 2015-2025 publications from reputable databases (PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Nature Portfolio) which is selected based on relevance and quality. The results of the synthesis showed that CRISPR-Cas9 has reached the clinical stage through HbF-enhanced autotemcel (exa-cel/Casgevy) exagamglogen therapy and is reported to suppress vasoocclusive crises in most patients. Base editing offers base change without Double-Strand Break (DSB) and shows promising preclinical results, including HbS conversion strategies into antisickling variants (e.g. HbG-Makassar) as well as modulation of HbF regulators. Prime editing provides the ability to "rewrite" sequences without DSBs or separate DNA donors and shows preclinical evidence in hematopoietic stem cells and animal models, but efficiency, complexity of delivery, and long-term safety data remain challenges. This study emphasizes that strengthening ethical governance (safety, informed consent, and access fairness) needs to go hand in hand with innovation. In addition to biomedical relevance, the topic of SCD-gene editing has the potential to be an authentic context for developing students' genomic literacy, ethical reasoning, and critical thinking through the PjBL and SSI approaches.

Hubungan Rasio Panjang Jari Telunjuk dan Jari Manis (2D:4D) dengan Tinggi Badan Mahasiswa Universitas Jambi

Adinda Kinantia Gayatri — 2026-01-03

The finger length ratio (2D:4D) is often used as an indirect indicator to estimate the influence of hormones, especially prenatal sex hormones, which are thought to be related to physical variations such as height. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the index finger and ring finger length ratio (2D:4D) and the height of students at the University of Jambi. This study used a quantitative approach with a correlational design. The sample consisted of 37 students at the University of Jambi who were selected using purposive sampling. The inclusion criteria included students who were willing to participate, were in good physical health, and had no growth disorders or abnormalities of the fingers. Measurements were taken directly of the length of the index finger (2D) and ring finger (4D) on the right and left hands using calipers with an accuracy of 0.05 mm, while height was measured using a tape measure. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship between the 2D:4D ratio and height. The results showed that the relationship between height and the 2D:4D ratio on the right hand (r = 0.184; p = 0.276) and left hand (r = 0.233; p = 0.166) was positive but very weak and not statistically significant. These findings indicate that the 2D:4D ratio is not significantly related to the height of students at the University of Jambi.

Kajian Etnobotani Tradisi Ruwah Rosul : Praktik Ritual Masyarakat Kediri Sebelum Upacara Adat Pernikahan

Ratna Afieh Indraswari — 2026-01-03

This study aims to document and preserve the local knowledge of the people of Duwet Village, Kediri Regency, regarding the use of plants in the Ruwah Rosul tradition, which is carried out before traditional wedding ceremonies. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with the determination of key informants (traditional leaders) through purposive sampling, followed by snowball sampling of additional informants (people who practice the tradition). Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation, which were then validated using triangulation techniques. The data were analyzed descriptively through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study found 10 types of plants dominated by shrubs, with flowers being the most widely used part of the plant in each ritual arrangement. Each plant has a philosophical meaning that represents the values of prayer, hope, and harmony in life. Most species have not been evaluated for their conservation status (Not Evaluated), but conservation practices have been carried out by the community through cultivation in their yards. This study provides a new contribution by integrating aspects of ethnobotany, cultural symbolism, and local conservation into a single framework for analyzing the Ruwah Rosul tradition.

Adaptasi Sel terhadap Perubahan Lingkungan Osmotik

Paulus Rudirudolof Ekaputra — 2026-01-03

This study aims to examine the mechanism of cell adaptation to hypertonic conditions through osmoregulation processes in various types of cells and organisms. The method used is a systematic literature review of 30 national and international journal articles sourced from Google Scholar and ScienceDirect databases. Articles were selected based on inclusion criteria that include topic suitability, availability of osmotic experimental data, and relevance to cellular responses. The results of the study indicate that cells adapt through the accumulation of compatible osmolytes such as proline, glycine betaine, and sorbitol to maintain intracellular water and ion balance. This response was observed in various objects, including Rhoeo discolor cells that showed optimal adaptation to 0.26 M sucrose with a decrease in plasmolysis from 85% to 36%, and Inpari rice seeds with an increase in drought tolerance of up to 50% through proline accumulation. Active osmoregulation was also found in frog erythrocytes, Lactobacillus plantarum, tiger prawns (543-610 mOsm/L), and tilapia which recorded an 80% survival rate at graded salinities. In general, increased osmoregulatory capacity significantly reduced cell damage from hypertonic stress, although the magnitude of the response varied among organisms. These findings have important implications for the development of rainfed agriculture, brackish water aquaculture management, and the selection of genotypes resistant to extreme climate change.

Studi Etnobotani Tumbuhan Anti-Penyakit Kulit dalam Sistem Pengobatan Tradisional Masyarakat Desa Jeruk Purut, Pasuruan

Dewi Sofiatul Laili — 2026-01-03

This study aims to document and preserve local knowledge about the use of medicinal plants for skin diseases used by the community of Jeruk Purut Village, Pasuruan Regency. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Key informants were determined using purposive sampling, followed by snowball sampling to expand information from additional informants. The data were analyzed descriptively through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study identified 14 plant species from 11 families used by the community to treat skin diseases, including acne, tinea versicolor, dermatitis, scabies, and ringworm. Leaves are the most widely used part of the plant due to their secondary metabolite content, which is effective as an antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory agent. Processing is done traditionally through pounding, boiling, cutting, grating, or heating, and applied by rubbing, sticking, compressing, or drinking. The conservation status of most species is classified as Not Evaluated, indicating limited data and the need for further research as a basis for assessing extinction risk. These findings emphasize the importance of preserving local knowledge and the need for further research to ensure the sustainable use of medicinal plants.

Etnobotani Tumbuhan Ritual dalam Tradisi Tosan Aji Madakaripura : Eksplorasi Pengetahuan Lokal Masyarakat di Singosari, Malang

Fannia Zulfa Marella — 2026-01-04

This study aims to document and preserve the local knowledge of the Singosari community, Malang Regency, East Java in utilizing plants for the Tosan Aji Madakaripura tradition. A qualitative descriptive approach was used in this study, where data were collected through semi-structured interviews, observation, and documentation. Key informants were determined using a purposive sampling technique, then additional informants were selected using snowball sampling. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that there were 25 plant species from 19 families dominated by tree habitus with the most widely used part being the trunk for carving and extracting. Plants used in this tradition have different philosophical meanings that reflect the reasons for their use in the tradition. The conservation status of most plants is included in the category of least concern, meaning that their populations are still stable, and there are conservation efforts by the community through cultivation. The implementation of the Tosan Aji Madakaripura tradition demonstrates that various plant species are not only used practically but also possess philosophical meanings that represent the relationship between humans and nature. This finding emphasizes that traditional plant use must be balanced with conservation-based management to maintain the sustainability of biological resources.

Ketika Purnama Menyentuh Tumbuhan : Kajian Etnobotani dalam Tradisi Padhang Bulan di Candi Jago, Malang

Nur Fadhilla Lailatul Husna — 2026-01-04

This study aims to document and preserve local knowledge about the use of plants in the Padhang Bulan tradition at Candi Jago, Tumpang Village, Malang Regency, East Java, including the types, habits, parts used, methods of use, philosophical meanings, and conservation efforts. The research used a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained through interviews, observations, and documentation. Informants were determined using purposive sampling techniques, followed by snowball sampling. The data were analyzed descriptively through the stages of reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that there were 21 plant species from 13 families, dominated by the Araceae family, with the majority being herbaceous and tree habitus. The most widely used parts of the plants were fresh flowers and leaves, each of which had philosophical meanings in the context of the ritual. Most of the plants are classified as Least Concern and are obtained through cultivation as a form of local conservation. The novelty of this study lies in the integration of ethnobotanical documentation, philosophical meanings, and plant conservation practices into a single framework of ritual analysis, which confirms the role of Padhang Bulan as a medium for the transmission of local knowledge as well as a strategy for preserving plant diversity based on culture.

Jejak Flora dalam Festival Encek : Kajian Etnobotani Tumbuhan Ritual di Desa Sumbersekar, Malang

Irma Nur Ramadhania — 2026-01-04

This study aims to document and preserve the local community's knowledge regarding the use of ritual plants in the Encek Festival. This study focuses on identifying the types, habits, parts used, methods of use, philosophical meanings, and conservation efforts of the plants used in the Encek Festival. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. This study involved a number of informants who were determined gradually through purposive sampling, followed by snowball sampling until data saturation was reached. The data obtained was then analyzed descriptively with reference to Miles and Huberman's analysis stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study show that the Encek Festival utilizes 10 plant species from 8 families, dominated by tree habitus, with flowers as the most widely used part and generally arranged in ritual processions. These plants have philosophical meanings as symbols of spirituality to God. The conservation status of most species is classified as Not Evaluated, while several others are classified as Least Concern, indicating a relatively low risk of extinction. Based on how they are obtained, the plants used come from cultivation and purchase, so their use does not directly put pressure on plant populations. This study confirms that the Encek Festival plays an important role in preserving ethnobotanical knowledge while maintaining the sustainability of local cultural values amid the dynamics of modernization.

Tumbuhan Ritual sebagai Arsip Hidup : Kajian Etnobotani dalam Tradisi Selamatan Desa Temas, Kota Batu

Fidellawati Wulandari — 2026-01-04

The Temas Village Selamatan tradition is closely related to the use of plants in its implementation, but the lack of documentation means that the ethnobotanical knowledge contained therein has not been widely revealed. This study aims to document and preserve local community knowledge regarding the use of ritual plants used in the Temas Village Selamatan tradition in Batu City. This study focuses on identifying plant types, habits, organs used, methods of use, stages of use, philosophical meanings, and conservation efforts. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative. Data was obtained through interviews, observation, and documentation. Key informants were determined using purposive sampling, then additional informants were selected using snowball sampling based on the recommendations of key informants. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics to reinforce the presentation of the qualitative data obtained. The results showed that the dominance of plant use in rituals was based on the philosophical meaning contained in the plants, with the conservation status of the majority of plants classified as Not Evaluated according to the IUCN. The connection between plant use and the philosophical meaning contained therein indirectly supports plant conservation for the sustainability of rituals. These findings confirm that plants play a role as living archives that must be preserved for future generations.

Lintas Generasi dalam Tradisi Seblang Olehsari Banyuwangi : Kajian Etnobotani, Konservasi, dan Pewarisan Pengetahuan Lokal di Era Modern

Anas Bagaskara Witanto — 2026-01-04

The Seblang Olehsari tradition in Banyuwangi is a sacred ritual of the Osing people who use various types of plants as an important part of cultural processions. This research aims to document the use of ritual plants in the Seblang Olehsari tradition and analyze plant conservation efforts and the inheritance of local knowledge between generations in the modern era. This study uses a mixed method approach. Qualitative data was collected through interviews, observations, and documentation of village heads, traditional leaders, Seblang dancers, and the people of Olehsari Village. Quantitative data was obtained through survey techniques using questionnaires on 28 respondents. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively through intergenerational comparisons to measure the level of local knowledge and its inheritance patterns in the younger and older generations. The results of the study show that there are 33 types of plants that are used in various stages of the Seblang ritual. Quantitatively, the younger generation has a wider range of plant species recognition than the older generation, although a number of plant species are not recognized by both generations. This pattern suggests that local knowledge related to ritual plants is still passed down between generations, mainly through the role of the family as the primary source and direct observation as the dominant transmission mechanism. These findings show that the Seblang Olehsari tradition functions as a biocultural conservation mechanism that plays a role in maintaining the sustainability of the use of ritual plants, as well as supporting the preservation of biodiversity and local knowledge of the Osing people.

Menyingkap Tumbuhan Ritual melalui Tradisi : Kajian Etnobotani pada Kirab Jolen di Lumajang, Jawa Timur

Amanda Melia Putri Widianti — 2026-01-05

The Kirab Jolen tradition is one of the local wisdom of the Javanese people that utilizes various types of plants, but the local knowledge that accompanies it has the potential to be eroded due to limited scientific documentation. This research aims to document and preserve the local knowledge of the community regarding the use of ritual plants in the Kirab Jolen Tradition. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach by collecting data through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Informants were determined using purposive techniques followed by snowball sampling, involving village heads, shamans, and community leaders. The data was analyzed descriptively through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study identified 26 types of plants belonging to 17 families dominated by herbal habitus with the most widely used plant parts in the form of fresh fruits. The ritual plant has a philosophical meaning that is closely related to the value of spirituality and an expression of gratitude to God. Based on the IUCN conservation status, most plants are in the category not evaluated, but the community has implemented local conservation efforts through planting and care in gardens and yards. These findings show that the Kirab Jolen Tradition plays an important role in the preservation of local wisdom, the strengthening of ethnobotanical knowledge, and the sustainability of biological resources.

Keanekaragaman Jenis Ikan di Bendungan Pengga Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

Sari Lailatul Hikmah — 2026-01-05

The purpose of this study is to determine the diversity of fish species in the Pengga Dam. The type of research used is descriptive and exploratory. The research population is all types of fish found in the Pengga Dam, and the research sample is the type of fish caught by fishermen in the Pengga Dam. The data collection techniques in this study were carried out by observation, sampling, morphological analysis techniques based on literature reviews, documentation, and collection. The data on fish types that have been obtained are continued to calculate the diversity index using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index formula (Hʹ = -∑pi ln pi). Based on the data from the research results, a total of 381 individuals were obtained from 5 points with 3 takes, and identified in a total of 4 species (Oreochromis niloticus, Pterygoplichthys multiradiatu, Channa striata, and Barbonymus gonionotus) which belong to 2 classes (Actinopterygii and Osteichthyes), 3 orders (Peciformes, Siluformes, and Cypriniformes), 4 families (Chichlidae, Loricariidae, Channidae, and Cyprinidae), 4 genera (Oreochromis, Pterygoplichthys, Channa, and Barbonymus). From the results of the data analysis, it can be concluded that the index of fish species diversity in the Pengga Dam with three sampling times is classified as low.

Evaluasi Potensi Tumbuh Benih 21 Varietas Padi melalui Analisis Principal Component Analysis (PCA) dan Korelasi

M. Izhar — 2026-01-05

Seed quality is a key factor in determining the success of germination and productivity of rice plants. This study aims to evaluate the seed growth potential of 21 rice varieties (Oryza sativa L.) consisting of local, national, and introduced varieties through correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Four parameters observed include Maximum Growth Potential (PMP), Germination Power (DB), Plumule Length (PP), and Radicle Length (PR). The study was conducted at the Biology Laboratory, Satya Terra Bhinneka University, using a completely randomized design with three replications. The analysis results showed significant variations among varieties for all observed parameters. The PCA value showed that two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained 78.1% of the total variability. The PTM and DB parameters had high negative loadings on PC1, indicating that this component represents seed viability, while PP and PR had positive loadings on PC2, which described the morphological vigor of the seedlings. The Sigupai, Tinggong, and Inpago 12 varieties were in the quadrant with negative PC1 and positive PC2 values, indicating a combination of high viability and strong seedling growth. Correlation analysis showed a very strong positive relationship between PTM and DB (r = 0.98; p < 0.001), while the correlation between physiological and morphological parameters was weak. Thus, PCA and correlation analysis proved effective in identifying superior rice varieties based on seed viability and vigor traits, potentially supporting variety selection in rice seed management and development.

Performan Produksi dan Kualitas Kuning Telur Ayam Ras yang Diberikan Pakan Fermentasi

Hari Permadi — 2026-01-05

This study aims to determine the effect of the application of fermented walking mill rice bran using Effective Microorganisms (EM4). The observed parameter is the quality of purebred chicken yolks. The research was carried out through three stages, namely the comparison of the nutritional quality of DPPB with factory bran, DPPB fermentation with three EM4 formulations, and the application of fermented DPPB in purebred chickens. The results showed that the nutritional content of DPPB was lower than the quality standards of factory bran, especially in the protein content. The fermentation process increased the protein content of DPPB by 1.2%. The application of fermented DPPB resulted in the highest protein content in the P4 treatment (13.2%), the highest fat content in the P3 treatment (5.6%), and the highest cholesterol content in the control treatment (56.2%). Thus, DPPB fermentation using EM4 has the potential to increase the nutritional value of bran as an alternative feed ingredient for purebred chickens.

Total Plate Count (TPC) Test and Contamination of Coliform Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Bacteria in Cucumulawak Jamu in Traditional Markets in Medan City

Tarisa Adma — 2026-01-05

Jamu is a traditional Indonesian drink derived from plants that are efficacious for use in efforts to maintain health and cure diseases. However, because the manufacturing process is still simple, jamu is at high risk of contamination by microorganisms such as fungi and pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. This study aims to determine the presence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. Coliform contamination in Javanese turmeric herbal medicine sold in traditional markets. This study is based on the simple process of making jamu using hands, unclean clothes from jamu makers, and unclean processing areas, this will increase the risk of contamination and result in jamu being contaminated by microorganisms that can endanger consumer health. Data collection techniques use testing and counting of bacterial colonies with the TPC (Total Plate Count) method and Escherichia coli bacteria with the MPN (Most Probable Number) method which consists of presumptive test, confirmatory test and complementary test. The results of the analysis showed that in the TPC (Total Plate Count) test, three of the five samples, namely Sp 1, Sp 3, and Sp 4, showed results that were suitable for consumption because the TPC (Total Plate Count) value did not exceed the maximum limit of BPOM 2019 and two of the five samples, namely Sp 2 and Sp 5, showed results that were not suitable for consumption because they exceeded the maximum limit of BPOM 2019. These findings suggest that poor hygiene practices during jamu preparation can lead to contamination that threatens consumer health, emphasizing the need for improved sanitation control and standardized processing methods.

Efektifitas Uji Adaptasi Tanaman Teratai, Eceng Gondok, dan Kangkung dalam Menurunkan Kadar COD, BOD, dan DO dalam Limbah Domestik

Elizabet Matolisi — 2026-01-07

Microbiological pollution of river water is one of the major risks to public health. Escherichia coli is used as an indicator of fecal contamination in waters. The Aur River is a tidal river in Palembang City that receives domestic waste runoff from the activities of the surrounding community. This study aims to analyze the total concentration of coliform and identify the dominant coliform type in the Aur River. The research was carried out along 2.5 km with three observation stations (upstream, middle, and downstream). Water sampling was carried out at five points at each station, and coliform analysis referred to SNI 3554. The results showed that the total coliform concentration at the upstream station was 5.24 × 10⁶ ± 1.1 × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL, the middle station was 1.1 × 10⁴ ± 5.5 × 10² CFU/100 mL, and the downstream station was 9.2 × 10⁶ ± 1.1 × 10⁵ CFU/100 mL, all of which exceeded the quality standard of 5 × 10³ CFU/100 mL. The dominant coliform types identified include Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter sp. These results show that the Aur River has experienced significant microbiological pollution, so efforts to control and manage water quality in a sustainable manner are needed.

Pengembangan Lembar Kerja Praktikum Keanekaragaman Hayati untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Konsep dan Sikap Peduli Lingkungan

Fita Kharisma Ameliyah — 2026-01-10

This research aims to develop a biodiversity Practicum Worksheet (LKP) that is oriented towards improving students' understanding of environmental concepts and attitudes. The research uses the Research and Development (R&D) method with a 4D model that is limited to the development stage. The development stages include analysis of learning needs, design of LKP structures, and product validation by experts. Data was obtained from the validation results and analyzed descriptively to determine the feasibility level of the product. The validation results showed that the LKP developed was in the category of feasible use with a feasibility percentage of 77%. However, there are several aspects that still need improvement, especially in the deepening of the material, linguistic clarity, as well as the completeness and clarity of practicum tools and materials. The LKP developed integrates contextual practicum activities, data analysis, and reflection on environmental care attitudes, so that it has a practical contribution as a biology learning tool that is not only procedural, but also encourages the linkage between observation results and the concept of biodiversity. Thus, this LKP has the potential to support more meaningful learning after improvements are made according to the validator's recommendations.

Pemanfaatan Tanaman Pandanus tectorius pada Aspek Ekonomi Kreatif : Studi Etnobotani pada UMKM di Pandeglang, Banten

Lina Nurahma Sari — 2026-01-10

Pandanus tectorius is a non-timber forest product that has important ecological, cultural, and economic value for coastal communities. This study aims to analyze the utilization of Pandanus tectorius in MSME-based creative industries through an ethnobotanical approach in Banjar District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten. This approach is used to examine local knowledge, processing techniques, and pandan cultural values in the community's economic system. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation of the production process, and descriptive analysis. The results show that pandans have been used for generations as the main raw material for various woven products, such as mats, hats, and bags. Based on field findings, pandan handicraft activities involve more than 100 active and growing weavers in the last five years, with a marketing reach to the national level as well as limited-scale exports. However, the development of pandan crafts still faces obstacles in the form of limited raw materials due to land conversion, the lack of regeneration of young artisans, and limited production technology. These findings affirm the importance of integrating ethnobotanical knowledge in strengthening MSMEs and developing a sustainable pandan creative industry.

Pengaruh Praktik Kesadaran Digital terhadap Pengurangan Stres dan Prestasi Akademik Mahasiswa Pendidikan Biologi

Rahmi Saputri — 2026-01-12

The development of digital technology in the world has increased the ease of access to education. However, it also creates new challenges that affect stress levels and academic achievement. This study focuses on analyzing the influence of digital mindfulness techniques on the level of stress experienced by students of the Department of Biology Education at Lambung Mangkurat University, as well as their academic achievements. A descriptive-exploratory method with a qualitative research approach was applied in this study. Data was collected through an online survey filled out by 71 students and 5 lecturers, as well as interviews with 9 students from various generations. Data analysis was carried out using a descriptive method, based on students' views and experiences. The results show that most students experience moderate to high levels of academic stress, especially due to multitasking on digital platforms and high academic expectations. Nonetheless, the application of digital awareness techniques contributes to more effective time management and improved ability to concentrate. This research highlights that digital awareness is essential to maintain a balance between technology use and students' mental health. Scientifically, the results of this study show the importance of digital awareness in biology education for adaptive, healthy, and sustainable learning.

Peningkatan Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Hasil Belajar Siswa melalui Model Pembelajaran Jelajah Alam Sekitar (JAS)

Ali Imran — 2026-01-13

The background of this study is to utilize the school environment as a learning medium to implement innovative learning processes and shape students' character, that learning can be done anywhere and anytime as long as it follows the existing learning system references. The purpose of this study is to improve science process skills and student learning outcomes through a learning model of exploring the environment. The type of research used is Class Action Research (PTK). This research was carried out in class XD with a total of 30 students. Data analysis techniques use quantitative and qualitative analysis techniques. The results of the research from cycle I to cycle II of students' science process skills in the observing aspect increased with the very good category, the classification aspect with the good category, the predictive aspect with the good category, the concluding aspect with the very good category, and the communication aspect with the very good category. The learning outcomes of students in the first cycle were obtained by 11 students who did not reach the KKM >70, and in the second cycle 4 people. Thus, it can be concluded that the Exploring the Environment (JAS) learning model can improve science process skills and student learning outcomes.

Identifikasi Mikroplastik pada Insang dan Saluran Pencernaan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus) di Danau Toba Kabupaten Simalungun

Erika Putri Octavani Situmorang — 2026-01-15

Microplastic pollution in the waters of Lake Toba has the potential to accumulate in aquatic biota, including tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivated in floating net cages. The presence of microplastics in aquatic organisms is an important concern, because it has the potential to disrupt the balance of aquatic ecosystems and pose a risk to food security for humans. This study aims to identify the shape and color of microplastics in the gills and digestive tract of tilapia, as well as analyze the differences in abundance between the two organs. The research was carried out in June-August 2025 using a quantitative descriptive method. Fish samples were taken from three stations in the waters of Lake Toba, Simalungun Regency, namely tourist areas, boat transportation activities, and residential areas. Microplastic identification was performed visually using a microscope after the degradation of organic matter by the Fenton method. The results showed that the abundance of microplastics in the gill organs was 32 particles/individual, while in the digestive tract as many as 31 particles/individual. The microplastics found are dominated by fibers, fragments, and films with the main colors being green, black, red, brown, and transparent. The results of the independent sample t-test showed a value of p = 0.787 (p > 0.05) which indicated that there was no significant difference in microplastic abundance between the gills and the gastrointestinal tract. These findings confirm that microplastics have been distributed relatively evenly in tilapia organs, so that they have the potential to have an impact on the health of Lake Toba's aquatic ecosystem and food safety from aquaculture fisheries.

Identifikasi Mikroplastik pada 5 Spesies Ikan Laut di TPI Tanjung Beringin Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Beatrice Loise Tarigan — 2026-01-16

Microplastic pollution in the marine environment is a global issue that has the potential to threaten aquatic organisms, including marine fish consumed by humans. The presence of microplastics in fish can impact the health of marine ecosystems and risk entering the human food chain. This study aims to analyze the shape, color, abundance, and differences in the abundance of microplastics in the gills and digestive tract of marine fish for consumption. The study was conducted in June-August 2025 at the Tanjung Beringin Fish Farming Site (TPI) in Serdang Bedagai Regency. The sample consisted of five fish species, namely Sardina pilchardus, Selaroides leptolepis, Rastrelliger brachysoma, Parastromateus niger, and Euthynnus affinis, each with 10 individuals/fish species. Microplastics were isolated from the gills and digestive tract, then identified based on the shape and color of the microplastics using a stereo microscope. Microplastic abundance data were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the microplastics found were dominated by fibers (56%), fragments (42%), and films (2%). The colors of the identified microplastics included red (81%), black (73%), green (37%), blue (6%), and transparent (3%). The highest microplastic abundance was found in the digestive tract of Euthynnus affinis (41.9 particles/individual), while the lowest was found in the gills of Rastrelliger brachysoma (26.5 particles/individual). The ANOVA test showed significant differences in microplastic abundance (p < 0.05), especially between Sardina pilchardus and Parastromateus niger, and between Selaroides leptolepis and Euthynnus affinis.

Inventarisasi Tumbuhan Famili Fabaceae di Desa Tabing Rimbah Kecamatan Mandastana Kabupaten Barito Kuala

Audi Athfin Mawafda — 2026-01-17

Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest level of biodiversity in the world, including plant diversity from the Fabaceae family which has an important role ecologically and economically. The Fabaceae family contributes to maintaining soil fertility through nitrogen fixation capabilities, and is widely used as a source of food, medicine, animal feed, and shade plants. The existence of Fabaceae plants can be found in various types of ecosystems, such as swamps, forests, and agricultural land. This study aims to inventory the diversity of plant species of the Fabaceae family found in Tabing Rimbah Village, Mandastana District, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan. The research method used is an exploratory approach through direct observation in the field, recording morphological characters, photo documentation, and species identification using taxonomic literature and PlantNet applications. The results of the study showed that as many as 16 species of plants from the Fabaceae family were found with variations in habitus in the form of herbs, shrubs, and trees. The diversity of these species shows that the environmental conditions in Tabing Rimbah Village are quite supportive of the growth and development of Fabaceae plants. These findings affirm the importance of biodiversity inventory as a basis for sustainable conservation and management of local biological resources.

Identifikasi Serangga Semak di Sekitar Pusat Pendidikan Konservasi Alam Bodogol, Bogor, Jawa Barat

Nur Is Farida — 2026-01-18

This study aims to identify shrub insect species around the Bodogol Nature Conservation Education Center (PPKA Bodogol), Bogor, West Java. The research uses an exploratory descriptive approach by sampling through the free roaming method on shrub vegetation. Specimens were collected using sweeping net and hand collecting techniques from morning to noon, then analyzed descriptively based on the number of individuals, the number of species, and the composition of the order and family. The results of the study recorded 20 species from 8 orders, with the dominance of Orthoptera (7 species) and Lepidoptera (4 species). The families Acrididae and Scarabaeidae are the most abundant taxons, while Xylotrupes gideon is the species with the highest number of individuals. The dominance of these families and species indicates that the vegetation of the PPKA Bodogol bush provides habitat conditions that support herbivorous and detritivore insects that play an important role in energy flow and ecosystem stability. These findings show that shrub vegetation has a strategic role as a functional habitat for insects and can be used as basic data in planning, management, and conservation of insect biodiversity in conservation areas.

Etnobotani Rumah Adat Suku Batak Toba di Kecamatan Sianjur Mula-Mula Kabupaten Samosir, Sumatera Utara

Ramatio Pasaribu — 2026-01-18

This study aims to uncover and document the belief system (cosmos), local knowledge system (corpus), and the practice of plant utilization (praxis) in the traditional house of the Toba Batak Tribe. This research was carried out so that hereditary cultural knowledge about plants in the traditional house of the Toba Batak Tribe would not become extinct and would maintain its culture. This research was conducted in 2 villages in Sianjur Mula-Mula District, namely Sari Marrihit Village and Habeahan Naburahan Village. The research method is descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interview techniques, participatory observation, and documentation. The results of the study show that the Toba Batak Tribe believes that every plant used in traditional houses has a symbolic meaning, such as hope for sustenance, health, protection, harmony, unity, and sustainability of offspring. There are five species of plants from four families that are used and dominated by the Arecaceae family. The most widely used part of the plant is the trunk with the habitus of the tree. Plant processing is generally carried out by drying and the largest use is the interior elements of traditional houses. These findings show that the use of plants in the traditional house of the Toba Batak Tribe is not only functional, but also full of cultural values and local wisdom.

Analisis Kadar Kafein pada Kopi Liberika (Coffea liberica) Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-Vis

Azmi Prasasti — 2026-01-22

Coffee Liberica (Coffea liberica) is one of the coffee varieties that has the potential to be developed, but information on the effect of roasting levels on caffeine content is limited. Meanwhile, caffeine levels are an important parameter that affects quality and sensory characteristics. This study aims to qualitatively identify the presence of caffeine and quantitatively determine caffeine levels in liberica coffee with different roast levels, namely light, medium, and dark roast. The research was conducted experimentally in the laboratory using the Qualitative Test of the Parry method and the quantitative test of the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The sample was in the form of liberica coffee beans at three roasting levels and was repeated three times. The results of the qualitative test showed that all samples of liberica coffee at the three levels of positive roasting contained caffeine which was characterized by the formation of a green color in the Parry test. The results of the quantitative analysis showed that the highest caffeine level was found at the light roast level of 116.412 mg/g, followed by medium at 102.381 mg/g, and the lowest at dark roast at 91.036 mg/g. The decrease in caffeine content as the temperature increases and the length of the roasting time shows that the roasting process has a significant effect on the stability of caffeine. The results of this study are expected to make a scientific contribution to the development of the chemical study of Liberica coffee, as well as become a practical reference for coffee industry players in determining the roasting level according to the characteristics of caffeine.

Keanekaragaman Serangga Berpotensi Penyerbuk pada Tanaman Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.)

Della Ivanka — 2026-01-24

Pollinator insects have an important role in the success of plant reproduction, but information on the diversity of pollinating insects in guava plants in Tanjung Anom Village is still limited. This study aims to determine the diversity, dominance, distribution pattern, and differences in the presence of potentially pollinating insects in guava plants (Psidium guajava L.) between morning and evening in Tanjung Anom Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency. The research was carried out from June to August 2025. The selection of sample trees was carried out by purposive sampling, while the observation of pollinating insects used the scan sampling method which was carried out four times with an interval of one week in the morning and evening. The results of the study show that there are nine species of insects with potential pollinators that belong to three orders and four families. The level of diversity is classified as moderate (H' morning = 1.80; H' afternoon = 2.08), while the dominance level was low (C morning = 0.16; C afternoon = 0.11). Distribution pattern analysis showed that five species had a grouping pattern, namely Ischiodon scutellaris, Apis cerana, Tetragonula laeviceps, Xylocopa confusa, and Nomia sp., while four species showed a uniform distribution pattern, namely Anomala sp., Eumerus sp., Apis dorsata, and Xylocopa latipes. The results of the t-test showed a significant difference in the presence of pollinating insects between morning and evening with a p value of < 0.05. These findings show that the difference in the time of daily activity affects the structure of the pollinating insect community in guava plants. Therefore, the results of this study can be used as the basis for agroecosystem management, especially in the regulation of cultivation practices to increase pollination effectiveness and plant productivity.

Studi Ekologi Serangga Berpotensi Hama pada Tanaman Jambu Biji (Psidium guajava L.) di Desa Tanjung Anom Kecamatan Pancur Batu, Deli Serdang

Umi Diana Citra — 2026-01-25

Pest attacks are one of the main challenges in the management of guava plantations that can hinder plant productivity. This study aims to determine the diversity, dominance, distribution pattern, and association of insects with potential pests in guava plants (Psidium guajava L.) in Tanjung Anom Village, Pancur Batu District, Deli Serdang Regency. The research was carried out from June to August 2025. The selection of tree samples was carried out by purposive sampling, insect observation using the census method, and insect collection using the hand sorting and yellow sticky trap method which was carried out four times. The results of the study found 2,848 insect individuals from 10 species, 8 families, and 3 orders. The value of the diversity index (H') was 1.67 in the medium category, while the dominance index (C) was 0.22 in the low category. The distribution pattern of insects includes clustered distribution (5 species, namely Bemisia tabaci, Aphis gossypii, Ferrisia virgata, Planococcus sp., and Metisa sp.), uniform (4 species, namely Strepsicrates sp., Bactrocera dorsalis, Bothrogonia sp., and Empoasca sp.), and random (1 species, namely Siphanta sp.). Associations showed that there were 47% of very high associations (Oi = 1) and 4% of very low associations (Oi = 0) indicating no association.