Biocaster : Jurnal Kajian Biologi

Keragaman Jenis-jenis Burung yang Diperjualbelikan di Pasar Burung Kota Palembang

Eva Irna Permata Sari, Trimin Kartika, Dian Mutiara — Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Bird trade is one of the animal exploitation activities that is still widely found in Indonesia and has the potential to affect the sustainability of bird populations in nature. This study aims to identify the diversity of bird species traded at the Bird Market on Jalan Masjid Lama, 17 Ilir Village, Palembang City. The study was conducted for four weeks in March–April 2026 using a descriptive survey method with direct observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Identification of bird species was carried out based on morphological characters using a Sumatran bird field guide book. The results showed that there were 16 bird species classified into 5 orders, 10 families, and 15 genera. The order Passeriformes was the most dominant group with 8 species (50%), followed by Columbiformes with 4 species (25%), Psittaciformes with 2 species (12.5%), while Piciformes and Cuculiformes each had 1 species (6.25%). Based on their protection status, 15 species were not protected and 1 species was protected, namely the white starling (Acridotheres melanopterus). The high prevalence of songbirds demonstrates the public's strong interest in pet birds and songbirds. The presence of protected species in the trade indicates the need for increased monitoring and conservation education to support the preservation of bird biodiversity in Indonesia.

Analisis Validitas E-Modul Berbasis Problem Based Learning pada Materi Sistem Reproduksi Manusia

Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This research is motivated by the limited use of interactive digital teaching materials in biology learning, especially on the human reproductive system material, so that students are less actively involved in the learning process and have difficulty in understanding the concept in depth. This research uses a development method (research and development) which is limited to the product validation stage with a quantitative descriptive approach focused on product validity analysis with the aim of determining the level of validity of problem-based learning-based e-modules on the human reproductive system material. The resulting product is a problem-based learning-based e-module compiled using Canva and presented in the form of a flipbook. The data sources in this study consist of material expert validators and media expert validators who provide an assessment of the validity of problem-based learning-based e-modules on the human reproductive system material. The research data were obtained through a validation questionnaire given to the validators using a Likert scale, while the data analysis technique was carried out descriptively quantitatively by calculating the percentage of the product validity level. The results showed that validation by material experts obtained a percentage of 92.5% with a very valid category, while validation by media experts obtained a percentage of 82.5% with a very valid category. Based on the validation summary, an average percentage of 87.5% was obtained, categorized as highly valid. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the problem-based learning e-module on the human reproductive system is highly valid and suitable for use as a biology teaching material.

Identifikasi Cadangan Biji di Resort Mallawa Taman Nasional Bantimurung-Bulusaraung Maros Sulawesi Selatan

Aulia Rakhmadhani, Aswar Rustam, Kurnia Makmur — Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Seed reserves are an important indicator in community ecology studies, as they reflect the potential for vegetation regeneration in a habitat. This study aimed to identify the composition of seed reserves and evaluate their relationship with the community structure of mature trees in Mallawa Resort, Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park, Maros, South Sulawesi. Data collection was carried out by establishing three main plots measuring 20m × 20m, each containing five sub-plots measuring 5m × 5m. Soil samples were composited and germinated in polybags for 40 days of observation. Data analysis used the Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Margalef Richness Index (R), and Pielou Evenness Index (E). The results showed that a total of six seed species were found at the Mallawa Resort: candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus L.), nutmeg (Myristica fragrans), coffee (Coffea arabica), songi (Dillenia celebica), palm (Ochrosia oppositifolia), and cardboard palm (Zamia furfuracea). The mature tree community had an H' value of 2.20 (moderate diversity), R = 10.71 (high richness), and E = 0.92 (high evenness). Myristica fragrans was the most dominant species in the seed bank (57%), but its presence was disproportionate to its dominance in the mature community, indicating differences in regeneration strategies between species. These findings provide basic information for ecosystem restoration management and planning in the area.

Analisis Struktur Komunitas Makrozoobentos dan Pendekatan Etnoekologi sebagai Bioindikator Ekosistem Air Tawar di Sungai Meninting, Lombok Barat

Elsa Asnawati, Nurlita Lestariani, Selbi Geofanami, Aulia Amanda Salsyabillah — Thu, 01 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to analyze the structure of macrozoobenthos communities as bioindicators of water quality and to assess the ecological condition of the Meninting River through an ethnoecological approach involving local communities in West Lombok. The study was conducted from January to February 2026 using descriptive quantitative and qualitative approaches. Data analysis included the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’), Simpson dominance index (C), EPT richness, and the ratio of sensitive to tolerant organisms, while ethnoecological data were obtained through semi-structured interviews. The results showed that 10 macrozoobenthos species were identified with a total of 164 individuals. Chironomus sp. and Melanoides tuberculata had the highest abundance, each with 24 individuals, indicating the presence of organisms tolerant to habitat changes. The diversity index (H’) value of 2.25 indicated a moderate diversity level, while the Simpson dominance index (C) value of 0.11 indicated no dominant species within the community. The EPT groups identified consisted of Baetis sp., Perla sp., and Hydropsyche sp., with an EPT richness value of 3 taxa and a sensitive-to-tolerant organism ratio of 1.82 indicates that the waters have moderate quality (light pollution). Ethnoecological findings revealed that local communities utilized the river for domestic needs and irrigation and possessed local knowledge regarding changes in river conditions and conservation practices. Overall, the Meninting River has experienced anthropogenic pressure but still supports the presence of sensitive organisms. The integration of macrozoobenthos bioindicators and ethnoecological approaches provides a comprehensive perspective for sustainable river ecosystem management.

Hubungan antara Efikasi Diri dengan Kesulitan Belajar Siswa dalam Berpikir Tingkat Tinggi pada Materi Sel

Raihan Ruiba, Ani M. Hasan, Ilyas H. Husain, Lilan Dama, Margaretha Solang — Fri, 02 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the relationship between self-efficacy and the learning difficulties experienced by Grade XI students at SMAN 1 Telaga regarding Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in the context of the "Cell" topic. Learning difficulties in this study are indicated by students' performance on HOTS tasks, which encompass the abilities to analyze (C4), evaluate (C5), and create (C6). The study employs a quantitative approach using a correlational method. The population consisted of 312 Grade XI students across 10 classes, with a sample of 34 students selected via cluster random sampling. Research instruments included a self-efficacy questionnaire and a HOTS test on the "Cell" topic. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results indicate that student self-efficacy falls into the moderate category (67% average), while HOTS proficiency averaged 58%, indicating a moderate level of learning difficulty. The Spearman Rank test yielded a correlation coefficient of 0.387 with a significance value of 0.024 (p < 0.05). These results demonstrate a significant relationship between self-efficacy and learning difficulties regarding HOTS in the "Cell" topic. The findings suggest that students with higher self-efficacy tend to possess better HOTS capabilities, thereby experiencing fewer learning difficulties. However, the low strength of the relationship indicates that learning difficulties regarding HOTS are also influenced by factors other than self-efficacy.

Development of Research-Based Macroscopic Pathogenic Fungi Teaching Materials: An Innovation to Improve Biology Learning in High Schools

Masdaleni Nasution, Idramsa Idramsa, Ashar Hasairin — Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Biology learning in Kotapinang State Senior High School heavily relies on conventional textbooks that lack local context, creating a gap between curriculum content and the students' plantation environment. While applied mycological studies on local oil palm pathogens exist, their integration into high school biology media remains unexplored. This study aims to bridge this gap by developing an innovative pocket book on macroscopic pathogenic fungi based on authentic local research. Utilizing the Research and Development (R&D) approach with the 4D model (limited to the Develop stage), the prototype underwent rigorous validation by material, learning, and design experts. Practicality was assessed by biology teachers, followed by a small-scale trial involving 15 grade 11 students selected via random sampling. The trial procedure required students to review the pocket book’s readability and layout through guided skimming, after which their user experience was evaluated using a structured practicality questionnaire. Expert validation results ranged from 85.88% to 96.36%, indicating very high validity. The practitioner assessment yielded a highly positive response (100%), while the student evaluation achieved 85.74%, placing it in the very practical category. This product has the potential to contextualize biology learning by integrating local research findings, serving as a suitable way to provide contextual supplementary learning materials in schools based in plantation areas.

Analisis Perbandingan Capaian Pembelajaran Materi Bioteknologi pada KTSP, Kurikulum 2013, dan Kurikulum Merdeka

Alfira Eka Putri, Amelia Savitri Zairul, Adi Rahmat, Yanti Hamdiyati — Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The curriculum changes from KTSP, 2013 Curriculum, to Merdeka Curriculum show the development of Biology learning direction, including biotechnology material. Biotechnology material is important because it is related to the development of science and technology and its application in the fields of food, health, environment, and daily life. This study aims to analyze the comparison of learning outcomes of biotechnology material in KTSP, 2013 Curriculum, and Merdeka Curriculum based on the form of competency formulation, Operational Verbs (KKO) and cognitive level, material depth, and integration of 21st century competencies. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with document analysis techniques. Data were obtained from curriculum documents containing Competency Standards and Basic Competencies in KTSP, Core Competencies and Basic Competencies in 2013 Curriculum, and Learning Outcomes in Merdeka Curriculum. The research results show a shift in the KKO (Competency Based Learning) from identifying, explaining, and stating in the KTSP (Curriculum for Advanced Learning) to more complex KKO, such as analyzing, applying, evaluating, and designing in the 2013 Curriculum and the Independent Curriculum. This shift demonstrates an increase in cognitive demands, shifting from basic understanding and application to analysis, evaluation, and creation. In terms of material depth, the KTSP emphasizes basic concepts and conventional biotechnology, the 2013 Curriculum expands the material to applications and modern biotechnology, while the Independent Curriculum focuses on more contextual and integrative learning through the interconnectedness of concepts, technology, the environment, and real-life issues. The integration of 21st-century competencies is also increasingly strong, demonstrated by an emphasis on critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, communication, problem-solving, scientific literacy, and reflection on bioethical issues. Thus, biotechnology learning outcomes have gradually evolved from an orientation toward mastery of concepts to more complex, contextual, and integrative learning oriented toward the development of 21st-century competencies.

Hasil Belajar Siswa pada E-Modul Sistem Pencernaan Terintegrasi Malnutrisi dan Pangan Lokal Berbasis Project Based Learning

Fri, 09 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to describe the learning outcomes of grade XI.9 students at SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo after participating in an integrated e-module on the digestive system, covering malnutrition and local food, based on Project Based Learning (PjBL). The study employed a quantitative approach with a descriptive method and a one-shot case study design. Thirty-five students were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through a posttest and observations of learning implementation, then analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that student learning outcomes were in the high category, with an average posttest score of 79.29. Most students achieved learning outcomes in the high and very high categories. The implementation of the learning was in the very good category, as indicated by the high level of teacher and student activity during the learning process. Students were also able to complete projects and produce local food-based products related to the digestive system and malnutrition.

Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas XI Materi Sistem Pencernaan melalui Media Audio Visual Edukasi Pangan Lokal

Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The digestive system is a biology material that has abstract characteristics, so it often causes learning difficulties in students. One effort that can be done to improve student learning outcomes is through the use of audio-visual learning media associated with local food education. This study aims to determine the differences in learning outcomes of grade XI students after the application of audio-visual media based on local food education on the digestive system material. The study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a post-test only control design. The study was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Suwawa with a sample of two classes consisting of an experimental class and a control class. Learning outcome data were collected through tests that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data were analyzed using normality, homogeneity, and independent samples t-test. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the learning outcomes of students who used audio-visual media based on local food education and students who used audio-visual media without local food education. The average score of the experimental class was 77.10, higher than the control class at 56.62. The results of the independent samples t-test showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, thus rejecting H₀ and accepting H₁. These findings indicate that audio-visual media based on local food education is more effective than audio-visual media without local food education in improving student learning outcomes on the digestive system.

Keanekaragaman Pohon Lokal di Kawasan Riparian Sungai Ciliwung Kota Depok serta Peranannya dalam Menjaga Ekosistem Perairan

Zahra Lutfiana, Noer Sarifah Ainy, Nestiyanto Hadi — Sat, 10 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to analyze the diversity and community structure of local tree species in the riparian area of the Ciliwung River, Depok City. An exploratory survey was conducted through vegetation observations at ten sampling sites within the riparian zone. Data were collected through field observations, species identification, and documentation, and were analyzed using Relative Density (RD), Relative Frequency (RF), Important Value Index (IVI), the Shannon–Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Evenness Index (E), and Dominance Index (C). The results identified 42 local tree species belonging to various plant families. The most abundant species were Terminalia catappa (Ketapang) and Roystonea regia (Royal Palm). The Shannon–Wiener diversity index ranged from 1.21 to 2.16, indicating low to moderate diversity. The evenness index ranged from 0.85 to 0.98, while the dominance index ranged from 0.08 to 0.33. These findings indicate that the riparian vegetation community is relatively stable and does not exhibit significant dominance by any particular species. The presence of local vegetation in the riparian area plays an important ecological role in reducing erosion, maintaining water quality, and providing habitat for various organisms.

Validitas Media Pembelajaran Komik Digital Berbasis Hasil Kajian Mikroplastik

Mon, 12 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to develop and validate digital comic learning media based on research findings regarding microplastics, serving as a learning resource on plastic pollution in aquatic environments. The resulting product presents microplastic-related content through a contextual and engaging illustrated story, with the expectation of enhancing students' understanding of the issue of microplastic pollution. The study employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the Plomp model, which comprises three stages: 1) preliminary research; 2) prototyping; and 3) assessment. Validation was conducted by subject matter and media experts, yielding validity scores of 91.66% and 91%, respectively. Based on these validation results, digital comic possesses a validity level of 91.33% and is categorized as highly valid, making it suitable for use as a learning resource regarding microplastic pollution.

Pengembangan Modul Ajar Berbantuan Augmented Reality pada Materi Pertumbuhan dan Perkembangan Tumbuhan untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Peserta Didik SMA

Kaldin Umar, Frida Maryati Yusuf, Devi Bunga Pagalla, Jusna Ahmad, Hartono Mamu — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Students' critical thinking skills need to be developed through concrete, contextual, and interactive Biology learning. One of the materials that requires such support is the growth and development of plants because it contains dynamic processes and some are difficult to observe directly. This study aims to develop a teaching module assisted by Augmented Reality (AR) by utilizing corn plants (Zea mays L.) as a contextual object and analyze the validity, practicality, and improvement of students' critical thinking skills after using the module. The study used the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model which was limited to the analysis, design, and development stages through limited trials. The study was conducted in May 2026 at SMA Negeri 1 Tilango involving 24 grade XII students. Data were obtained through validation sheets from material experts, media experts, and Biology teacher practitioners, observation sheets for learning implementation, teacher and student response questionnaires, and pretest and posttest essay tests. Data were analyzed descriptively quantitatively and qualitatively, while the improvement of critical thinking skills was analyzed using N-Gain. The results showed a validity of 97.22% for material experts, categorized as very valid, 78.75% for media experts, and 96.30% for biology teacher practitioners. The module's practicality was demonstrated by a learning implementation rate of 96.85%, teacher response rate of 97.50%, and student response rate of 85.78%. The average critical thinking ability score increased from 41.13 in the pretest to 83.96 in the posttest, with an N-Gain value of 0.71, considered high. These results indicate that the AR-assisted learning module developed is valid and practical, demonstrating an increase in students' critical thinking skills during a limited trial. This module combines AR visualization with corn growth as a learning context to help students observe and understand the plant growth process more concretely.

Pengembangan Multimedia Pembelajaran Biologi Berbasis Smart Apps Creator pada Materi Perubahan Lingkungan untuk Peserta Didik Kelas X SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo

Asep Malatia, Lilan Dama, Nurul Fajryani Usman, Ilyas H. Husain, Syam S. Kumaji — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The use of biology learning media at SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo is still dominated by PowerPoint, videos, and printed materials; consequently, student interaction with the topic of environmental change remains suboptimal. This study aims to develop and analyze the validity and practicality of biology learning multimedia based on Smart Apps Creator for Grade X students at SMA Negeri 2 Gorontalo. The study employs the Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model implemented on a limited scale to gather data on product validity and practicality comprising the stages of analyze, design, develop, implement, and evaluate. The research was conducted from January to June 2026. A needs analysis involved 27 students and one biology teacher, while the limited trial involved one teacher and a selected class of 35 students. Quantitative data were analyzed descriptively using percentages, whereas qualitative data were analyzed based on comments and suggestions. The product is an Android application featuring learning objectives, content, images, videos, educational games, interactive quizzes, and reflection sections. Validation scores reached 93.33% from media experts and 91.67% from subject matter experts, indicating a high level of validity. Teacher response was 94.67%, student response was 90.88%, and learning implementation feasibility was 96.67%; all metrics fell into the "highly practical" category. Thus, the developed multimedia meets the criteria for validity and practicality as a supporting medium for learning about environmental change.

Development of Interactive Flipbook Media Integrated with Animation Technology to Improve Students' Learning Motivation in Biotechnology

Nia Anggelina Rajagukguk, Selvia Dewi Pohan — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to develop an interactive flipbook learning media integrated with animation technology on the topic of Innovation in Biological Technology for Grade X students at SMA Negeri 1 Medan, and to evaluate its feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness in improving students' learning motivation. The research employed the 4D development model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate) proposed by Thiagarajan. The research subjects consisted of 35 Grade X students, with 5 students participating in the individual trial and 30 students in the small group trial. Instruments used included expert validation sheets, student and teacher response questionnaires, and a learning motivation observation sheet based on the ARCS model (Attention, Relevance, Confidence, Satisfaction). Data were analyzed using percentage scores on a Likert scale and Normalized Gain (N-Gain) calculations. The results showed that the developed media achieved highly feasible validation scores from material (88,5%), learning (93,2%), and media (95,5%) experts. The biology teacher's response (88,3%) and student responses in both the small-group (90,5%) and large-group (90,5%) trials were likewise categorized as highly feasible.Students' learning motivation improved significantly, as indicated by a high N-Gain score of 0,81. The mean motivation score increased by 59,5% from the pretest to the posttest. These findings indicate that the developed interactive flipbook media is feasible, practical, and effective for improving students' learning motivation in biotechnology learning.

Respon Perilaku Primata Suku Hylobatidae terhadap Pengunjung di Rahmat Zoo and Park Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai

Sat, 24 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Primates of the family Hylobatidae are a group of high-conservation-status primates kept in ex situ conservation facilities. Environmental conditions within these facilities, including the presence of visitors near the enclosures, can influence variations in the animals' behavioral responses. Describing how Hylobatidae respond to visitors is essential for understanding their behavioral patterns under varying visitor conditions. This study aimed to describe the behavioral responses of Hylobatidae primates to the presence of visitors and to characterize these response patterns on weekdays versus weekends at Rahmat Zoo and Park, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatra. Conducted in April 2026, the study employed a qualitative descriptive method using the focal animal sampling technique. The subjects consisted of five individuals: two Hylobates lar, two Hylobates agilis, and one Symphalangus syndactylus. The results identified four categories of behavioral responses: affiliative, neutral, agonistic, and submissive. Neutral responses were the most dominant category, manifested through activities such as sitting, swinging, hanging, moving, and feeding. Hylobates agilis tended to exhibit neutral responses on both weekdays and weekends, whereas Hylobates lar and Symphalangus syndactylus displayed agonistic and submissive responses during periods of higher visitor density. These differing behavioral patterns provide insight into Hylobatidae behavior under various visitor conditions and offer valuable information for animal management and visitor activity regulation to support animal welfare in ex situ conservation facilities.

Pembudidayaan Tanaman Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) dengan Teknik Vertikultur

Yefta Darniati Sinaga, Dina Handayani — Sat, 24 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to determine the effect of a polybag-based verticulture cultivation system combined with chicken manure application on the growth and production of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) in a limited land area. The research was conducted in Belang Malum Village, Sidikalang District, Dairi Regency, North Sumatra, from January to May 2026. A descriptive method was employed, utilizing practical plant cultivation via the verticulture system. The treatments involved applying chicken manure at various dosages, while the observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, root length, and plant fresh weight. The results indicated that the verticulture system combined with chicken manure application effectively supported pakcoy growth and production. The treatment with a dosage of 150 g of chicken manure (P4) yielded the best results, with an average of 14 leaves, a root length of 6.4 cm, and a plant fresh weight of 55.2 g; in contrast, the treatment without chicken manure (P1) resulted in 9.8 leaves and a fresh weight of 32 g. These findings demonstrate that a polybag-based verticulture system combined with an appropriate dosage of chicken manure serves as a viable alternative for pakcoy cultivation on limited land, as it enhances both vegetative growth and crop yield.

Struktur Komunitas Serangga Tanah pada Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Desa Talang Taling Kabupaten Muara Enim

Tiara Kirani, Dewi Rosanti, Dian Mutiara — Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Research on the community structure of soil insects in oil palm plantations is essential for understanding insect composition and diversity, as well as their potential as bioindicators of ecosystem conditions. This study aimed to identify soil insect species, determine the Importance Value Index (IVI), and analyze the diversity level of soil insects in an oil palm plantation located in Talang Taling Village, Gelumbang District, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatra Province. Sampling was conducted using a purposive sampling method with pitfall traps. Data were analyzed based on taxonomic composition, the Importance Value Index (IVI), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'). The results revealed 810 individuals, representing 6 orders, 8 families, 16 genera, and 16 species. The species with the highest IVI was Paratrechina longicornis (50.88%), while the lowest IVI was found for Cicindela sp. (1.38%). A Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of 1.87 indicates a moderate level of soil insect diversity at the study site. The high IVI of Paratrechina longicornis suggests that this species is dominant within the observed soil insect community. These findings demonstrate that the community structure of soil insects can provide insights into the ecosystem conditions of oil palm plantations, although additional environmental parameters are required to strengthen the assessment of the level of ecosystem disturbance.

Keanekaragaman Serangga Menggunakan Perangkap Yellow Sticky Trap di Perkebunan Karet Desa Talang Taling, Muara Enim

Putri Anggita, Dewi Rosanti, Dian Mutiara — Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to identify the composition and structure of the insect community and to analyze the level of insect diversity in smallholder rubber plantations in Talang Taling Village, Muara Enim Regency. The research was conducted in March 2026 using a quantitative descriptive method, employing purposive sampling and Yellow Sticky Traps (YST). Data were analyzed based on Relative Abundance (RA), Relative Frequency (RF), Importance Value Index (IVI), and the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'). The results show that 1,783 individual insects were collected, representing 8 orders and 64 species. The most dominant species observed were Bactrocera dorsalis, followed by Empoasca flavescens, Bothrogonia addita, and Monomorium pharaonis. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') of 3.191 indicates a high level of insect diversity. These findings suggest that the smallholder rubber plantations in Talang Taling Village harbor a diverse insect community. The use of YST proved effective in supporting the inventory of insects captured within these smallholder rubber plantations.

Profil Fitokimia, Aktivitas Antioksidan, serta Potensi Terapeutik Famili Zingiberaceae dan Spesies Tinospora crispa: Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis

Yoselyn Yolanda, Elizabeth Novi Kusumaningrum — Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oxidative stress is a primary pathogenic mechanism underlying various degenerative diseases, including atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and neurodegenerative disorders. Although Indonesia possesses a vast wealth of medicinal plants, standardized cross-species comparative studies remain very limited. This study aims to compare the phytochemical profiles and antioxidant activities of six Indonesian medicinal plant species Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Alpinia galanga, Kaempferia galanga, and Tinospora crispa based on three measurable parameters: DPPH IC₅₀, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC). A systematic literature review was conducted following the PRISMA 2020 protocol. Literature searches were performed across five databases: Scopus, PubMed, SINTA, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Data were extracted, units were harmonized, and analyses were performed using species-specific IC₅₀ values and Pearson correlation between TPC and IC₅₀. The results indicate that Curcuma longa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ = 27.2 µg/mL; TPC = 45.6 mg GAE/g; TFC = 23.8 mg QE/g), followed by Zingiber officinale (IC₅₀ = 51.41 µg/mL), Curcuma xanthorrhiza (IC₅₀ = 87.01 µg/mL), Alpinia galanga, and Kaempferia galanga. Tinospora crispa displayed a distinct profile dominated by alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, columbamine) and terpenoids (tinocrisposide, borapetoside) rather than phenolic compounds. A strong negative correlation between TPC and IC₅₀ was confirmed (r = -0.92; p < 0.01), and variations in extraction methods were closely linked to the efficiency of bioactive compound recovery. This study underscores the importance of methodological harmonization as a prerequisite for valid interspecies comparisons, contributes conceptually to the development of a standardized evaluation framework for the antioxidant activity of Indonesian medicinal plants, and recommends repositioning the pharmacological evaluation of Tinospora crispa beyond the phenolic framework.

Konservasi Tumbuhan Pangan Liar untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Pangan Berkelanjutan dan Kelestarian Ekosistem di Desa Rowosari, Jember

Urifatul Ainil Asmui, Agus Prasetyo Utomo, Indah Rakhmawati Afrida — Mon, 26 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Wild food plants are biological resources with significant potential to support food security while contributing to ecosystem balance and sustainability. The community of Rowosari Village, Sumberjambe District, Jember Regency, continues to utilize various wild food plants as alternative food sources a practice deeply rooted in traditional knowledge and local wisdom passed down through generations. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method with an ethnobotanical approach. Data sources included two key informants selected via purposive sampling and eight informants identified through snowball sampling. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman qualitative descriptive model, comprising data reduction, data display, conclusion drawing, and verification. The results indicate that the Rowosari Village community utilizes 24 species of wild food plants across 18 families, with Asteraceae being the most dominant family (represented by three species). The plant parts most frequently utilized are leaves and young stems (38%), while the dominant preparation methods are sautéing (28%) and boiling/blanching (kuluban) (25%). Management of these plants involves prudent harvesting, habitat preservation, avoidance of over-harvesting, and the care of species that are becoming scarce. Local wisdom manifested in beliefs, knowledge, practices, and norms plays a vital role in supporting the conservation of wild food plants. Thus, the conservation of wild food plants contributes to maintaining community food security while simultaneously supporting sustainable ecosystem preservation.

Korelasi Kepadatan Lalu Lintas terhadap Sulfur dan Klorofil Lichens di Patumbak, Deli Serdang

Angely Agriani Siahaan, Ashar Hasairin — Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Increasing traffic density has the potential to increase air pollution, which may affect sensitive organisms such as lichens. Lichens are known to accumulate air pollutants and undergo physiological changes, making them useful as bioindicators of air quality. This study aimed to identify lichen species growing on mango trees, analyze sulfur and chlorophyll contents in lichen thalli, and determine the correlation between traffic density and sulfur and chlorophyll contents in lichen thalli in the Patumbak Industrial Area, Deli Serdang. This study employed a quantitative descriptive method with a correlational approach. Lichen samples were collected using purposive sampling from mango trees located on Jalan Pertahanan, Jalan Perjuangan I, Jalan Sekata, and Desa Mbaruai as the control site. Sulfur content was analyzed using the gravimetric method, chlorophyll content was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and the relationships among variables were analyzed using Spearman correlation. The results showed that only one lichen species was identified, namely Parmotrema perlatum belonging to the family Parmeliaceae with a foliose thallus type. The highest sulfur content was found on Jalan Sekata (0.06%), while the lowest sulfur content was recorded on Jalan Pertahanan and Jalan Perjuangan I (0.01%). The highest total chlorophyll content was found on Jalan Sekata (0.766 mg/L), whereas the lowest total chlorophyll content was found on Jalan Pertahanan (0.498 mg/L). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that traffic density had a strong and significant negative correlation with sulfur content (r = -0.747; p < 0.05) and chlorophyll content (r = -0.791; p < 0.05) in lichen thalli. Therefore, lichens have the potential to be utilized as bioindicators of air quality in areas with different levels of traffic activity.

Korelasi Kepadatan Lalu Lintas dengan Kadar Timbal (Pb) dan Klorofil Talus Liken di Patumbak, Deli Serdang

Nadia Rouli Sinaga, Ashar Hasairin — Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between traffic density and both lead (Pb) levels and chlorophyll content in the lichen thallus growing on mango trees (Mangifera indica) in the Patumbak Industrial Area, Deli Serdang Regency. The study employed a quantitative method with a descriptive-correlational approach. Lead (Pb) levels were analyzed using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), while chlorophyll content was analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The relationship between variables was analyzed using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that the lichen species found at all study sites was Parmotrema perlatum. Spearman correlation analysis indicated that traffic density did not have a significant relationship with lead (Pb) levels in the lichen thallus (rs = 0.105; p = 0.787), but it did have a strong, significant negative relationship with chlorophyll content (rs = -0.791; p = 0.011). Based on these findings, it can be concluded that traffic density is not significantly related to lead (Pb) levels but is significantly and negatively related to chlorophyll content in the lichen thallus; the higher the traffic density, the lower the chlorophyll content in the lichen thallus. The study identified Parmotrema perlatum as the lichen species present at all designated observation points across the study sites.

Analisis Perubahan Keanekaragaman dan Kelimpahan Makroinvertebrata Bentik di Sumber Jembangan Kabupaten Kediri

Amanda Silvi Rizkya Handayani, Tutut Indah Sulistiyowati, Budhi Utami — Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Benthic macroinvertebrates are vital components of aquatic ecosystems, serving as bioindicators that reflect the condition of the aquatic environment. This study aimed to analyze changes in the diversity and abundance of benthic macroinvertebrates at Sumber Jembangan, Kediri Regency, by comparing communities between 2023 and 2026. Sampling was conducted at three stations using a purposive sampling method based on the characteristics of the aquatic substrate. The collected data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and relative abundance to assess changes in community structure. The results revealed shifts in family composition and abundance levels of benthic macroinvertebrates throughout the observation period. The Pachychilidae family was the dominant group in both years (2023 and 2026), with a relative abundance of 37.93% in 2023, decreasing to 25.60% in 2026. The diversity index value rose from 1.918 to 2.076, falling within the moderate category. This increase indicates that the benthic macroinvertebrate community in 2026 exhibited a more even distribution of individuals and a more diverse community structure compared to 2023. These changes reflect the dynamic nature of the Sumber Jembangan aquatic ecosystem, influenced by alterations in habitat conditions and environmental factors.

Ekspresi Gen GPx-3 pada Organ Otak Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Terpapar Stres Oksidatif Gandaria (Bouea macrophylla Griffith)

Dewi Syukrilla, Zahratul Idami, Nurlian Augustin Ningrum, Kartika Manalu — Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Oxidative stress is one of the factors that can cause neuronal damage in the brain through an excessive increase in free radical production that exceeds the capacity of the antioxidant defense system. Glutathione Peroxidase-3 (GPx-3) is an endogenous antioxidant enzyme that plays an important role in maintaining redox balance and protecting cells from oxidative damage. This study aimed to analyze the expression of the GPx-3 gene in the brain tissue of white rats (Rattus norvegicus) experiencing oxidative stress induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), as well as to evaluate the effect of ethanol extract of gandaria fruit (Bouea macrophylla Griffith.) on changes in GPx-3 gene expression. This experimental study used five treatment groups consisting of a negative control group (KN), a positive control group (K+), and three groups treated with different doses of gandaria fruit ethanol extract, namely 100 mg/kg body weight (P1), 150 mg/kg body weight (P2), and 200 mg/kg body weight (P3). Gene expression analysis was performed using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR), with GAPDH used as a housekeeping gene for data normalization. The results showed that the KN group had a fold change value of 1, while the K+ group exhibited an increased GPx-3 gene expression with a fold change value of 1.7 following CCl₄ induction. Administration of gandaria fruit ethanol extract resulted in variations in GPx-3 gene expression among the treatment groups, with fold change values of 1.56 ± 0.69 in P1, 2.05 ± 1.22 in P2, and 2.77 ± 1.17 in P3. Based on the fold change values, the 100 mg/kg body weight dose (P1) showed a tendency to produce GPx-3 expression levels closest to the normal condition compared with other treatment groups. The alteration of GPx-3 expression indicates an adaptive response of the antioxidant defense system to oxidative stress conditions, suggesting that gandaria fruit ethanol extract has potential as a natural antioxidant source in supporting cellular protection against oxidative damage.

Formulasi Tepache Kulit Nanas dengan Variasi Rasio Kulit Salak: Analisis Organoleptik dan Kesukaan

Tue, 27 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Tepache is a traditional pineapple peel-based fermented beverage with potential as a functional food product. This study aimed to analyze the effect of varying ratios of pineapple peel to snake fruit peel simplicia (Salacca zalacca) on the organoleptic attributes and hedonic preference of tepache. A completely randomized design was employed with three treatments: K (control, ratio 1:0), P1 (ratio 1:1), and P2 (ratio 1:2), each with three replications. Parameters measured included pH, total sugar content (°Brix), alcohol content, and hedonic assessment of color, aroma, and flavor by 30 panelists. Parametric data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at a significance level of α = 0.05, while hedonic data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. ANOVA results showed that the variation in simplicia ratio did not significantly affect chemical parameters (pH: F = 1.500, p = 0.296; °Brix: F = 0.497, p = 0.631; alcohol: F = 1.091, p = 0.394). In contrast, the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed highly significant differences in aroma (p < 0.001) and flavor (p < 0.001), but not in color (p = 0.787). The P2 formulation at a 1:2 ratio produced the highest aroma and flavor scores, indicating that bioactive compounds in snake fruit peel, such as tannins and polyphenols, significantly enrich the sensory profile of tepache.

Morfometrik Meristik serta Etnozoologi Ikan di Sungai Ogan Desa Talang Pangeran Ulu Kecamatan Pemulutan Barat Kabupaten Ogan Ilir

Izzatun Mapruha, Dian Mutiara, Trimin Kartika — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to inventory fish species, analyze morphometric and meristic characteristics, and examine the ethnozoological aspects of fish in the Ogan River, Talang Pangeran Ulu Village, West Pemulutan District, Ogan Ilir Regency. The study was conducted using a survey method through fish sampling and interviews with six respondents from the local community. Fish diversity data were analyzed descriptively, while morphometric, meristic, and ethnozoological data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive approaches. The results showed that 24 fish species were found belonging to six orders, 14 families, and 23 genera. The Cypriniformes and Siluriformes orders were the most dominant groups found. Morphometric and meristic characteristics were used as a basis for describing and identifying each fish species. Meanwhile, the results of the ethnozoological study showed that fish are used by the community primarily as a food source, both for direct consumption and as raw materials for processed products typical of South Sumatra, such as pempek, pekasam, kemplang, and brengkes. In addition to their consumption value, several fish species also have economic value and are used as ornamental fish and traditional medicinal ingredients. This research can provide scientific information on fish diversity, morphological characteristics, and local knowledge regarding the utilization of fish resources, thus providing a foundation for aquatic resource management and conservation efforts.

Pengaruh Kombinasi 2,4-D dan BAP terhadap Induksi Kalus Jeruk Sitrun (Citrus limon L.)

Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Lemon (Citrus limon L.) is a horticultural crop with high economic value and is widely utilized in the food, health, and cosmetic industries. Conventional propagation still faces several constraints, particularly the availability of uniform seedlings, propagation efficiency, and the risk of disease contamination; therefore, an alternative method through tissue culture is required. One important stage in tissue culture is callus induction, whose success is influenced by the balance of plant growth regulators, particularly auxins and cytokinins. This study aimed to determine the in vitro callus induction response of lemon to several levels of 2,4-D and BAP combinations and to identify the most effective plant growth regulator combination. The study was conducted at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Negeri Gorontalo, using in vitro lemon seedling explants consisting of cotyledons, hypocotyls, and epicotyls. A non-factorial Completely Randomized Design was used with four treatments: M0, MS medium without plant growth regulators; M1, 1 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D + 1 mg L⁻¹ BAP; M2, 2 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D + 2 mg L⁻¹ BAP; and M3, 3 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D + 3 mg L⁻¹ BAP, with each treatment replicated three times. The observed parameters included the time of callus emergence, percentage of callus growth, and callus morphological characteristics. The results showed different responses among treatments. The fastest callus emergence was observed in M1, at 15.33 ± 3.59 days after inoculation, whereas the longest was recorded in M3, at 20.40 ± 2.00 days. The highest percentage of callus growth was obtained in M1 at 44.64%, followed by M3 at 41.11% and M2 at 31.64%. The callus was generally compact in texture, with colors ranging from yellowish white to brownish yellow. The combination of 1 mg L⁻¹ 2,4-D and 1 mg L⁻¹ BAP was the best treatment under in vitro conditions.

Pengaruh Model Project Based Learning terhadap Motivasi dan Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Siklus Biogeokimia

Agrotika Sari Br. G. Seragih, Masdiana Sinambela — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to examine: 1) the effect of the Project Based Learning (PjBL) model on student learning motivation; 2) the effect of the PjBL model on student learning outcomes; and 3) the correlation between learning motivation and student learning outcomes on the biogeochemical cycle material at SMA Negeri 1 Pancur Batu in the 2025/2026 academic year. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group design. The study population was all 357 students of Class X of SMA Negeri 1 Pancur Batu. The research sample was determined by cluster random sampling technique, obtained class X-1 as the experimental class using the PjBL model and class X-2 as the control class using the direct instruction model. The research instruments were a motivation questionnaire consisting of 30 statements and a learning outcome test consisting of 20 multiple-choice questions. The prerequisite tests for normality and homogeneity showed that the pretest and posttest data of both classes were normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of the study showed: 1) the PjBL model had an effect on student learning motivation, as indicated by the average learning motivation of the experimental class of 88.75, higher than the control class of 78.39, with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05; 2) the PjBL model had an effect on student learning outcomes, as indicated by the average learning outcomes of the experimental class of 84.44, higher than the control class of 73.05, with a significance value of 0.000 <0.05; and 3) there was a positive correlation between learning motivation and student learning outcomes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.730, which is categorized as strong, and a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. It was concluded that the PjBL model had an effect on student motivation and learning outcomes, and there was a strong relationship between learning motivation and student learning outcomes.

Pengaruh Inkuiri Terbimbing Berbantuan Virtual Lab terhadap Keterampilan Proses Sains dan Literasi Digital Materi Bioteknologi

Netania Kasih Riessandra Harefa, Selvia Dewi Pohan — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to examine the effect of guided inquiry learning model assisted by virtual lab on Science Process Skills (SPS) and digital literacy of grade X students on biotechnology material and the relationship between the two variables. The method used was a quasi-experimental with a pretest-posttest control group design involving 67 students of SMA Negeri 1 Batang Kuis, consisting of an experimental class (n=34) and a control class (n=33) selected through cluster random sampling. SPS data were obtained through essay tests and observations, while digital literacy was measured using a Likert scale questionnaire. Data analysis included the Shapiro-Wilk test, Levene test, independent sample t-test, and Pearson product moment correlation. The results showed that the average posttest of the science process skills of the experimental class (90.24) was higher than the control class (62.94) with a significance of <0.01. The average digital literacy of the experimental class (87.02) also exceeded the control class (75.00) with a significance of <0.01. There was also a very strong positive correlation between science process skills and digital literacy (r=0.807; p<0.001). These results indicate that the use of virtual labs in guided inquiry learning is effective in simultaneously improving students' scientific and digital competencies.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Teams Games Tournament Berbasis Wordwall terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Materi Ekosistem

Deliya Purnama Putri, Herkules Abdullah — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the effect of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type cooperative learning model based on Wordwall on the learning outcomes of grade X IPA students of Pangeran Antasari Senior High School on the material of ecosystem components and their interactions. Ecosystem material contains concepts that require understanding and visualization, so a learning model is needed that can actively involve students and utilize interactive media to support conceptual understanding. This study uses a quantitative method of the quasi-experimental type with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research sample was determined through a saturated sampling technique of two grades of X IPA, namely the experimental class (34 students) who were treated with the TGT model based on Wordwall and the control class (34 students) who were given direct instruction learning. Data were collected using a multiple-choice learning outcome test that had been tested for validity, reliability, discriminatory power, and difficulty level. The data were then analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, Levene's homogeneity test, and independent sample t-test. The results showed that the average pretest scores of the two classes were not significantly different, namely 25.74 in the experimental class and 23.24 in the control class. Meanwhile, the average posttest score for the experimental class reached 83.24, higher than the control class's score of 54.26. The independent t-test results showed a significance value of 0.001 (<0.05), thus rejecting H0 and accepting Ha. These findings indicate that the implementation of the Wordwall-based TGT model significantly impacted student learning outcomes. The combination of cooperative learning, academic competition, and digital gamification can be an alternative to create more interactive biology learning and support students' understanding of ecosystems.

Tren Pencemaran Air Sungai Batanghari Berdasarkan TSS, BOD, COD, Logam Berat, dan Coliform

Anna Fitrina, Nazarudin Nazarudin — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The Batanghari River plays an important role for the lives of people and ecosystems in Jambi Province, but is subject to pollution pressure from various anthropogenic activities. This study aims to analyze the temporal dynamics of the Batanghari River water quality based on the parameters of total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), heavy metals, and coliforms during 2020–2025. The study used a retrospective quantitative design with secondary data from monitoring in the upstream and downstream segments of Batanghari Bridge 2, Sijenjang Village, Jambi City. The parameters analyzed included TSS, BOD, COD, chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), fecal coliform, and total coliform. Data were analyzed descriptively, compared with class II water quality standards, and tested using Mann-Kendall and Sen’s Slope based on the annual average. The results showed large fluctuations in water quality without a statistically significant monotonic trend (p>0.05). Nevertheless, BOD, COD, Cr, and Zn had positive Sen's Slope estimates. TSS concentrations reached 322 mg/L, BOD 20.74 mg/L, COD 109.50 mg/L, Cr 0.425 mg/L, Cu 0.69 mg/L, and Zn 3.05 mg/L. Fecal coliform and total coliform concentrations reached 27,000 and 54,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively. Repeated exceedances of quality standards indicate persistent pollution pressure, particularly from suspended solids, organic matter, Cu, Cr, Zn, and microbiological contamination. These findings emphasize the need for routine monitoring, domestic waste control, and monitoring of pollution sources around the Batanghari River watershed.

Uji Kemampuan Sekuestrasi Karbon Vegetasi Target Pemulihan pada Cagar Alam Goa Nglirip Kabupaten Tuban

Oktavianus Cahya Anggara, Laily Agustina Rahmawati, Albet Haikal Fiqri — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Goa Nglirip Nature Reserve (GNNR) in Guwoterus Village, Tuban Regency, has experienced ecosystem degradation associated with phosphate mining, with documented loss or reduction of vegetation previously recorded in the area. Restoration activities have been initiated, but the recovery documents used in this study indicate that replanting has not covered all target vegetation types. This study estimated aboveground biomass, carbon stock, and CO₂ equivalent stored in individuals belonging to target vegetation types historically recorded in the reserve documents and identified types showing relatively high carbon-stock values as one consideration for restoration species selection. Primary data comprised diameter at breast height (DBH), age, and wood density from 13 trees representing four species: preh (1 tree), tamarind (5 trees), jamblang/duwet (4 trees), and jackfruit (3 trees). One branch sample was collected from each tree to determine wood density. Aboveground biomass was estimated nondestructively using the allometric equation of Ketterings et al. (2001). Carbon stock was calculated using an approximately 46% carbon fraction following Hairiah and Rahayu (2007) and converted to CO₂ equivalent. The asam jawa individual (c) showed the highest estimated biomass at 1,499.31 kg, corresponding to 689.68 kg C and 2,528.84 kg CO₂e. Because the sample size was small and unbalanced and the individuals were sourced outside the reserve, the results are treated as descriptive estimates for the observed individuals rather than annual sequestration rates or statistical species-level comparisons. From a carbon-storage indicator perspective, tamarind and jackfruit may be considered candidates for further restoration assessment alongside ecological suitability and conservation objectives.

Transformasi Pembelajaran Virologi melalui Problem Based Learning: Studi Kuasi-Eksperimental terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Siswa SMA

Zlica Kurniadi, Aryeni Aryeni — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the effect of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) learning model on student learning outcomes on virus material. This study uses a quantitative method with a quasi-experimental research type and a pretest and posttest design with a non-equivalent control group design. The research sample consisted of students of class X-10 of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan as the experimental class and class X-6 as the control class. The data collection technique was carried out through a written test in the form of multiple choices consisting of 20 questions. Based on the results of the study, the average learning outcomes of students in the experimental class were 89.1%, while the control class was 73.5%. Furthermore, data analysis was carried out using the Mann-Whitney U test because the data were not normally distributed. The test results showed an asymp. sig. (2-tailed) value of <0.001, which is smaller than the significance level of 0.05. Thus, it can be concluded that there is a significant difference in learning outcomes between students who participated in learning using the problem-based learning model and students who participated in conventional learning. These results indicate that the problem-based learning model has an effect on the learning outcomes of class X students on virus material.

Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Berbasis Isu Sosiosaintifik untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Pemecahan Masalah pada Materi Pencemaran Lingkungan Siswa Kelas X SMAN 1 Hulu Gurung

Abel Lestari, Handi Darmawan, Eka Trisianawati — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to produce a socioscientific issue-based learning tool for environmental pollution and to describe its validity and effectiveness in improving the problem-solving skills of tenth-grade students at SMAN 1 Hulu Gurung. The method used was Research and Development (R&D) with the ADDIE model. The research subjects consisted of validators, media experts, material experts, and tenth-grade students selected using a cluster random sampling technique. Data were collected through expert validation sheets and problem-solving essay tests, then analyzed descriptively using percentages and independent samples t-tests. The results showed that the learning tool was declared very valid with an average score of 89.92% and effective in improving students' problem-solving skills, evidenced by a t-test significance value of 0.000 (<0.05) and a higher posttest average for the experimental class (86.26) than the control class (51.45). Based on these findings, the socioscientific issue-based learning tool is suitable for use as an alternative learning resource for environmental pollution.

Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Habitat Gastropoda di Pantai Pasir Putih Siring Kemuning di Desa Macajah Kabupaten Bangkalan, Madura

Rossa Indira Rahmadhini, Reni Ambarwati, Dwi Anggorowati Rahayu — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Siring Kemuning Beach is a marine ecosystem containing gastropods with a coastal area that has a sandy beach type. Data collection was carried out by direct observation and sampling using hand picking techniques at three observation stations. Identification was carried out based on shell morphology with the help of scientific literature. The results of the study showed that there were 12 species of gastropods belonging to 4 orders and 9 families. The diversity index (H’) value was 2.34 which is included in the moderate category. The dominant species was Nerita undata with 34 individuals with a relative abundance of 12.73%. The substrates of the gastropods found included rocky, sandy, and coral substrates in the intertidal to shallow subtidal zones. The results of environmental parameter measurements showed a salinity of 30 ppt, pH 7.5, and a temperature of 29.8°C which are still in the optimum range for gastropod life. In addition, the number and diversity of species tended to be higher in locations far from human activity, indicating that substrate characteristics and the level of human activity play a role in influencing the distribution and diversity of gastropods. This research is expected to serve as a reference for coastal ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation in the Bangkalan area of Madura.

Uji Total Plate Count (TPC) dan Cemaran Bakteri Coliform serta Escherichia coli pada Minuman Es Teh yang Dijual di Kecamatan Tanjung Morawa, Deli Serdang

Hanifah Dzaky Fadhilah, Marlinda Nilan Sari Rangkuti — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Iced tea is one of the beverages widely consumed by the public, but it has the potential to undergo microbiological contamination due to poor hygiene and sanitation practices and environmental conditions at the point of sale. This study aimed to determine the Total Plate Count (TPC), contamination by Coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli, and to identify potential sources of microbiological contamination in iced tea sold in Tanjung Morawa District. This study used a descriptive quantitative method involving Total Plate Count (TPC) examination, the Most Probable Number (MPN) method through presumptive and confirmatory tests, and identification of Escherichia coli using Eosin Methylene Blue Agar (EMBA) and Gram staining. The results showed that all brewed tea samples had TPC values ranging from 3.3×10³–9.2×10³ CFU/mL and did not meet the requirements of BPOM RI Regulation Number 13 of 2019, while all ice cube samples had TPC values ranging from 3.2×10³–5.7×10³ CFU/mL and still met the requirements of SNI 3839:2019. All brewed tea and ice cube samples were positive for Coliform, with MPN values at 37°C ranging from 43–460 MPN/100 mL and at 44°C ranging from 23–93 MPN/100 mL, indicating that they did not meet the microbiological requirements based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. Escherichia coli was detected in all brewed tea samples and in five of the eight ice cube samples. The results indicated that the brewed tea component was suspected to contribute more to microbiological contamination than the ice cube component. The hygiene of the vendors and environmental conditions at the points of sale also indicated factors that may support the occurrence of contamination. Therefore, improving the implementation of hygiene and sanitation practices during the preparation and serving of iced tea is necessary to reduce the risk of microbiological contamination.

Pengaruh Strategi Pembelajaran PQ4R terhadap Retensi Siswa Kelas X Materi Komponen Ekosistem dan Interaksinya di SMA Negeri 14 Medan

Nur Rica Rahmadani, Cicik Suriani — Fri, 30 Oct 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aims to determine the effect of the PQ4R learning strategy on students' memory on the topic of Ecosystem Components and Their Interactions. This study used a quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent control group design. The research sample consisted of an experimental class and a control class, each consisting of 36 students. Data collection techniques were carried out through tests in the form of pretest, posttest I, and posttest II. The results showed that the average pretest score in the experimental class was 53.86, while in the control class it was 55.17. After the implementation of the PQ4R learning strategy, the average posttest I score in the experimental class was 95.14 and in the control class was 93.19. While the average posttest II score in the experimental class was 87.50 and in the control class was 84.56. The results of the experimental class's memory were 91.97%, while in the control class it was 90.74%. Based on hypothesis testing using the Mann-Whitney test, the significance value obtained was less than 0.05, indicating that the PQ4R learning strategy has an effect on student retention in the topic of Ecosystem Components and Their Interactions. Therefore, the PQ4R learning strategy can be used as an effective learning strategy to increase student retention.