Pemanfaatan CRISPR-Cas9 pada Antibodi Monoklonal untuk Terapi HIV

Ryan Putra Adhytama S; Yusminah Hala

doi:10.36312/biocaster.v6i1.843

Authors

Ryan Putra Adhytama S Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jalan Mallengkeri Raya, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90224, Indonesia
Yusminah Hala Program Studi Pendidikan Biologi, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Jalan Mallengkeri Raya, Makassar, Sulawesi Selatan 90224, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.36312/biocaster.v6i1.843

Keywords:

Monoclonal Antibodies, CRISPR-Cas9, HIV, Immunotherapy, Gene Editing, Therapy

Abstract

HIV infection remains a global health challenge with high rates of new infections and low levels of viral suppression, especially in middle-income countries. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality, but has not been able to eliminate latent reservoirs so lifelong therapy remains necessary. In the last decade, monoclonal antibodies, particularly broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs), as well as CRISPR-Cas9 gene-editing technology have emerged as innovative therapeutic approaches with long-term remission potential. bNAbs is able to neutralize a broad spectrum of HIV strains and activate immune effector mechanisms, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and phagocytosis, but cost limitations, viral resistance, and duration of effects limit its use as a substitute for ART. In parallel, CRISPR-Cas9 has demonstrated the ability to target HIV proviruses in the host cell genome and enable the engineering of immune cells to stably produce therapeutic antibodies. Pre-clinical studies show that B-cell engineering with CRISPR-Cas9 can maintain immune memory, perform isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation, thus creating "programmed immunity". The combination approach of bNAbs and CRISPR-Cas9 is considered promising because it is able to neutralize circulating viruses while removing latent proviruses, increasing the potential for functional cure. However, biological risks such as off-target effects, Cas9 immunogenicity, limitations of the delivery system, and the emergence of escape mutants remain challenges. This review shows that the integration of monoclonal antibodies with CRISPR-Cas9 opens up a new paradigm of HIV therapy, with the potential to improve efficacy, duration of protection, and decrease reliance on ART. Further research, including advanced phase clinical trials, is needed to ensure its safety, effectiveness, and feasibility of application in human populations.

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