Correction and Retraction

The journal is committed to maintaining the accuracy, transparency, and integrity of its scientific publication archives. If, after publication, an error is discovered in an article or an indication of a violation of publication ethics, the Editorial Board will conduct a review and determine the appropriate action based on the severity of the error and its impact on the validity of the scientific work.

1. Article Correction (Erratum/Corrigendum)

Corrections are issued when errors are discovered in an article that do not substantially affect the validity of the main findings or research conclusions. These errors may include typographical errors, errors in specific calculations, errors in bibliographic information, or errors in author identification. Each correction will be officially published and linked to the corrected article to ensure readers receive accurate information.

2. Article Retraction

An article may be withdrawn if the investigation indicates that the main findings are unreliable, there are serious discrepancies in the data or research results, or if violations of publication ethics are discovered, such as plagiarism, unjustified duplicate publication, data fabrication, or data falsification. The decision to withdraw is based on the results of the review and relevant editorial considerations.

Retracted articles will remain in the journal's online archive to maintain transparency and traceability of the publication record. However, they will be clearly marked "RETRACTED" and accompanied by an official retraction notice explaining the reasons for the withdrawal based on the review results.

Through this policy, the journal strives to ensure that any corrections and retractions are carried out responsibly, consistently, and in accordance with the ethical principles of scientific publications and relevant international guidelines.